Impacts of Paris agreement, fossil fuel consumption, and net energy imports on CO2 emissions: a panel data approach for three West European countries

The Paris agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. This study examines the and other explanatory variables such as net energy imports, consumption of three significant fossil fuel impacts carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in selected European countries, including Germany, Spain, France. We employed fully modified OLS (FMOLS) dynamic (DOLS) regression methods to evaluate effects based panel data from 1995 2019. results suggest that impact negligible. According FMOLS model, reduces CO2 by roughly 1%. It seems less effective than it was hoped be. For primary fuels import emissions, are expected be because any increase parameters will grow both models. worth mentioning most crucial factor crude oil has an immense In words, 1% usage release 0.56% atmosphere.